THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SOCIETY

Anthropologists consider the evolution of human society to involve four social revolutions: hunter-gatherer, agrarian, industrial, and post-industrial. The first two of these are considered to have had a profound influence on each other, despite being quite different in nature.

A hunter-gatherer society is perhaps the earliest form of human groups. They lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering wild sources of food.  Q01(B)  Because they had to follow the animals and the seasons, they led a nomadic life. This lifestyle dictated many aspects of their society and culture.  Q01(C)  Hunter-gatherer societies were typically small groups of people, numbering between (= from) 20 to 30 for small groups, and up to 150 for larger ones.  Q01(D)  Consequently, many of their possessions were small, portable, and sourced directly from the animals they hunted or their surrounding natural environment. The clothing they wore was made from animal skins and hides, and their tools were (made) from scavenged(사용하다 폐품이 된) wood or stone.  Q02  In most cases, their shelters were portable or semi-permanent, allowing them to readily follow their food sources with the seasons and migration patterns. Labor was typically divided along gender lines, with men usually responsible for hunting while women (responsible for) most of the gathering. This distinction was not exclusive, though, as many aspects of daily life were shared between men and women.  Q01(A)  Childcare, for instance, was typically a cooperative affair, where a child would be cared for by the community to a large degree(~한 정도에서), rather than exclusively by its mother.

① Because of the permanent nature of its food source and higher level of productivity, ② agrarian societies were able to support a much denser population base, ③ with the result that many aspects of culture, economy, and society evolved in ways markedly different from the nomadic hunter-gatherers.  Q04  As a result of the excess food which could be stored and sold later at a profit, complex economies evolved to manage and grow the surpluses.(= prerequisite to become a complex society)  Q05  Consequently, agrarian societies heralded the development of permanent dwellings, community spaces, and utilities such as roads and running water, as well as the evolution of more complex governing structures.

In short, the  emergence  of agrarian societies established the foundation for many aspects of our modern culture today. Our systems of governance, transportation, and communication all had their early start in an agrarian society. Agrarian societies were also the foundation for the move toward industrial technology and our modern society.

1. regard or consider?

consider: consider sb / sth to be sth(~을 ~로[라고] 여기다) consider sb / sth as sth(~을 ~로 여기다)라고 할 수 있는데, to be나 as는 대개의 경우 생략된다

- He considers himself an expert.

- They are considered a high-risk group.

consider that sb / sth is sth(~을 ~이라고 여기다)와 같이 쓸 수도 있는데,

regard : 더 한정된 범위의 구조에서 쓰인다. regard sb / sth as sth(~을 ~로 여기다)인데 이때 as는 생략할 수 없다

2. punctuation

3. 준동사 시제

4. 유의어 /반의어

-dictate = influence, command     -exclusive <-> inclusive

-dense <-> sparse    -permanent = eternal  -surplus = excess

-herald = indicate

-emergence = advent

어휘 |  anthropologist 인류학자    evolution 진화    agrarian 농경의, 농업의    post-industrial 탈공업화의    in nature 사실상, 현실적으로 nomadic life 유목 생활    lifestyle 생활 양식    dictate 영향을 주다, 좌우하다    up to ~까지    possession 소유물, 소지품 portable 휴대가 쉬운, 이동이 쉬운    hide 동물의 가죽    shelter 주거지, 거주지    semi-permanent 반영구적인    readily 쉽게, 순조롭게 migration 이동, 이주    labor 노동    be responsible for ~에 책임이 있다    exclusive 배타적인, 독점적인    aspect 양상, 측면 permanent 지속적인, 영구적인    productivity 생산성    population 인구    markedly 두드러지게, 현저하게    surplus 과잉 herald 예고하다, 알리다    emergence 출현, 발생