METAMORPHOSIS IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

Q02  Metamorphosis refers to a biological process where an animal goes through a sudden, drastic change in its physiology. Generally, animals that undergo(동의어) metamorphosis begin in a larvae state and then transform into a physiologically different adult state, each state exhibiting(분사구문-~하면서)dramatically different characteristics. This change in form is largely due in part to either a change in the functions carried out by a particular species or a change in the species’ lifestyle and environment. Q04

Environment plays a crucial role in the metamorphosis of animals that are born in water but later need to prepare themselves physiologically for a terrestrial life. In other words, their bodies need to change to adapt to a life on land.  Q01  Q04  Salamanders demonstrate an example of this need to adapt to a life on land, as a large majority of salamanders will lose their tail fin and external gills, originally used for swimming, which are replaced with a new layer of skin more suitable for land.   A   In the case of tadpoles and frogs, tadpoles lose their tails, which are replaced by limbs, allowing adult frogs to easily move around on more solid surfaces.   B   An interesting feature of the tadpole’s metamorphosis results from its diet.   C    Q05  As it loses its strong teeth, necessary for the consumption of pond plants, the adult frog ends up developing strong tongue muscles to accommodate a change to a more carnivorous diet.   D   In a similar vein, the transition of its eyes from the side to the front (out) of its head also allows it to locate and catch prey more easily.

The majority of insects also go through some form of  metamorphosis, although their changes can be classified into ametabolous, hemimetabolous, and holometabolous stages.  Ametabolous insects, like the mayfly, have no larvae stage and  undergo an immediate transformation to adult stage.  Hemimetabolous insects, such as the grasshopper, go through a gradual transformation into adult state. Lastly, holometabolous insects, such as the  caterpillar and butterfly ,  Q03  undergo a complete physiological transformation from larvae to adult state.

When amphibians evolved for life on land, they still kept a connection to their original aquatic environments.  Q04  On the other hand, reptiles, which were the first vertebrates, or animals with a backbone, were some of the first species to settle on land and therefore did not develop a radical physiological need to adapt to a terrestrial environment. Some reptiles do undergo small changes, such as a snake shedding its skin, but these changes are extremely gradual. In addition, while some reptiles do spend time in aquatic environments, they are generally born on land and do not go through severe physiological changes that occur in  species that undergo metamorphosis.

1. 명사 + that + 불완전한 문장 Do you want to see the apartment that I bought?

명사 + where + 완전한 문장 Do you want to see the apartment where I was born?

2.

1) [타동사][VN] (살거나 지낼) 공간을 제공하다, 수용하다

The hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.

2) [타동사][VN] (…을 위한) 충분한 공간을 제공하다

Over 70 minutes of music can be accommodated on one CD.

3) [타동사][VN] (격식) (의견 등을) 수용하다[담다]

Our proposal tries to accommodate the special needs of minority groups.

4) [타동사][VN] ~ sb (with sth) (격식) (요구 등에) 부응하다, 협조하다

I have accommodated the press a great deal, giving numerous interviews.

5) ~ to sth | ~ sth/yourself to sth (격식) (환경 등에) 맞추다

I needed to accommodate to the new schedule.

3. meta - change, after, beyond, between   ex) metamorphosis

a/n - not, without                      ex) anhydrous – without water

hemi - half, partial                        ex) hemisphere - one half of the earth

hol(o) – perfect, similar                    ex) holistic - as a whole

ambi, amphi -both, on both sides, around ex) ambiguous

4. 유의어/반의어

drastic = extreme, severe          undergo = go through

carry out = perform              adapt = accommodate, adjust

external <=> internal              in a similar vein = in a similar context

transition = shift, change           gradual <=> radical

어휘 |  metamorphosis 변태, 변화    biological 생물학의    physiology 생리, 생리학    larvae 유충, 애벌레    terrestrial 땅의, 육생의 salamander 도롱뇽    tail fin 꼬리지느러미    external gill 겉 아가미    suitable 적합한    tadpole 올챙이    limb 팔다리    surface 지면, 수면    consumption 섭취, 소비    tongue 혀, 혓바닥    carnivorous 육식성의    immediate 즉각적인 grasshopper 메뚜기    go through ~을 겪다    caterpillar 애벌레    amphibian 양서류    reptile 파충류    vertebrate 척추동물 backbone 척추    radical 급격한    shed 벗다, 갈다