05

Direct democracy, sometimes called pure democracy, is a form of democracy where the power of decision making lies directly with the public. It is usually contrasted with a representative democracy, where the general public votes for representatives, who then make laws on the public’s behalf. In a direct democracy, the public chooses its leaders, votes on its laws, and is actively involved in the major decisions of society. The power of a direct democracy is based on three tenets(=principles) : the power of initiative, the power of referendum, and the power of recall.   A   The power of initiative is the power to raise issues that should be voted on.   B   In a direct democracy, any citizen can, in theory, suggest a new law or policy.   C   In practice, issues are usually raised through petitions.   D   If a citizen can get a certain number of signatures for his or her idea, that person can force the society to vote on the idea. The power of referendum is simply the power to approve or reject initiatives through a direct vote. In this way, citizens in a direct  democracy are actively involved in creating their own laws.  Initiatives and referendums together dramatically reduce the direct costs, time, and effort(        )spent on government decisions. The final tenet of a direct democracy is the power of recall. Under the power of recall, the public has the right to remove government officials (    ) it is unhappy with. This means that the leaders of the nation are directly accountable to the public, since they can basically be removed from office at any time. Proponents of direct democracy believe these aspects have positive net(최종적인) social benefits and limit the influence of numerically small but politically powerful pressure groups.

where : 관계사 that의 성격이나 뒤에 나오는 문장이 완전한 문장이라 where를 씀

2. accountable to~ : ~에게 설명할 수 있는

accountable for~ : ~에 대해 책임이 있는

3. tenet = principle   petition = appeal  accountable = responsible

proponent = advocate

어휘 |  direct democracy 직접민주주의    initiative (국민) 발의권    referendum 국민 투표    recall 해임권, 소환    raise (문제를) 제기하다 issue 안건, 사안    in practice 실제로    approve 승인하다, 찬성하다

06

White’s law, named after the famous anthropologist Leslie White, is a theory which attempts to explain how the availability of energy affects the speed of advancement in a civilization.   A   White’s law basically states that civilization evolves as(~에 따라) the amount of  energy harnessed per person is increased, or as the  efficiency of energy usage is increased. The basic assumption of White’s law is that out of the three major aspects of civilization — technological, sociological, and ideological — the technological aspect plays the greatest role in driving the evolution of a  civilization.   B   White thought that the (intent =        ) of all technology is to help people overcome the challenges of survival.   C   Farming technology provides us with greater amounts of food, and housing technology (provides us) with shelter.   D   Since all technology requires some form of energy to operate, greater amounts of energy should allow us to use greater amounts of technology, which in turn should allow society to advance. The same would be true of more efficient energy usage. If technology is created to use less energy, that should have the same basic effect as increasing the total amount of energy available.

White distinguished five different stages in the evolution of civilization, according to the different forms of energy used to power(작동시키다) technology. In the first stage, energy is provided by our own muscles and humans must do all of their own work. In the second stage of development, humans begin to use animals to power their technology, as a farmer does when he uses a horse to pull his plow. The third stage occurs when humans begin to use plants as a source of power. This stage can be identified by a huge increase in the efficiency of farming. In the fourth stage, humans begin to rely on natural resources such as coal and oil as their primary sources of energy. In the final stage, nuclear power is utilized to provide energy.

5형식 S+V+O+O.C (주술 주술 관계)

ex) I made him sweet and sour pork. VS I made the pork sweet and pork.

그러나 O+O.C 관계가 O+준동사 형태가 나오는 경우

가. 일반적 경우는 O+ to~ 의 형태

나. 예외의 경우 O+ 동.원 /~ing

지각동사 /

사역동사

2. availability = usefulness    advancement = progress

intent = purpose          harness = exploit

어휘 |  anthropologist 인류학자    availability 이용 가능성    harness 이용하다    efficiency 효율성    sociological 사회학적인 ideological 사상적인    distinguish 구분하다    power 작동시키다, 동력을 공급하다    plow 쟁기