p.74 -05

The end of the American Civil War was supposed to bring freedom to African-American slaves, and for a while it did. After the war, the Southern states were controlled by the Northern army via a military government. During this time, African-Americans enjoyed relatively equal treatment in the South. As the Southern states were slowly readmitted into the Union and the Northern army withdrew, however, many of the freedoms (that) African-Americans had gained(대과거) were again taken from them.

The first attack on African-American freedoms came in the election of 1876. White Southerners used violence and intimidation to keep African-Americans from voting in this election. The result was a Southern government that was entirely white and inimical(=hostile)  to African-Americans. Southern states quickly passed a number of laws intended to keep African-Americans from enjoying the freedoms they had won. Informally known as the Jim Crow laws, these laws basically separated whites and African-Americans in the South. African-Americans were prohibited from eating in the same restaurants, going to the same schools, and even using the same water fountains as whites. (병렬구조)

The most damaging laws to African-Americans, however, were the voting laws. The Southern states passed laws requiring literacy tests and a special voting tax for all voters. While some  African-Americans could pass the literacy test, few could afford to pay the voting tax. These two laws were very effective in limiting the political power of African-Americans. In 1900, Alabama had 181,000 African-Americans who were old enough to vote, yet only 3,000 were actually registered to do so. The voting laws ensured that African-Americans had no voice in government and no  effective way to fight against their unfair treatment.(빈칸추론 문제 유의)

P.52 solar activity 참조

prevent /  stop /  keep /prohibit

ban /   bar / deter   + A + (            ) + (동)명사

*forbid

예외)  forbid + A + to + 동사도 가능

2. enough + 명사 : 형용사 역할

형/부사 + enough + to : 부사 역할  (어순주의)

3. 접두어 -en은 명사, 형용사 앞에 붙어 --으로 하다, --이 되게 하다의 뜻

EX) *act(행위, 법령) → enact vt. 법령화하다. 제정하다.

*circle(원) → encircle vt. 에워싸다. 둘러싸다(enclose, surround).

*courage(용기) → encourage vt. --의 용기를 북돋우다, 장려하다

*chant(노래, 성가) → enchant vt. 요술을 걸다, 매혹하다.

*danger(위험) → endanger vt. 위험에 빠뜨리다.

*force(힘) → enforce vt. 시행하다. 강요하다.

*large(커다란) → enlarge vt. 크게하다. 확대하다.

*list(목록) → enlist vt. 입대시키다. --의 지지를 얻다.

*rage(분노) → enrage vt. 격노시키다.

*rich(부유한) → enrich vt. 부유하게 하다. 풍성하게 하다.

*slave(노예) → enslave vt. 노예로 만들다.

*sure(확실한) → ensure vt. 안전하게 하다. 확실하게 하다.

*tangle(얽힘, 혼란) → entangle vt. 뒤얽히게 하다. 혼란시키다.

*throne(왕위) → enthrone vt. 왕위에 올리다.

*title(제목) → entitle vt. --의 칭호를 주다. 권리를 주다.

*trust(신뢰) → entrust vt. 맡기다. 위탁하다.

3. withdraw = pull out   intimidation = threat   inimical = hostile

prohibit = forbid, ban, prevent

어휘 |  American Civil War 남북 전쟁    be supposed to ~하기로 되어 있다    freedom 자유    relatively 비교적, 상대적으로 readmit 다시 받아들이다    withdraw 철수하다    intimidation 협박  water fountain 식수대(분수식의 물 마시는 곳)    register 등록하다 ensure 확실히 하다    unfair 불공정한, 부당한

P.75-06

Establishing the dates for found artifacts=(artefacts) is one of the jobs of archaeologists. Modern archaeologists have a number of highly accurate scientific methods to determine the date of an artifact, but in the early days of archaeology, this was mainly done through guesswork. The first attempt to develop an organized system for dating artifacts came in 1820, when Christian Thomsen, a Danish archaeologist, suggested his three-age system. The basis of Thomsen’s dating system was the examination of tools found at an archaeological site. According to Thomsen, all early cultures had progressed from first using stone tools to bronze tools and finally to iron tools. Thus, if bronze tools were found at a site, an archaeologist could say with certainty that the site came after the Stone Age but before the Iron Age. Analyzing the sophistication with which tools were made could help further determine a more detailed time period for a site. (=> three-age system)

Thomsen’s dating system, however, had a number of problems.(문장 삽입) First, while his system was helpful for dating sites within the same culture, it was not very effective in dating sites from multiple cultures. Different civilizations adopted bronze and iron technology at different times, and one culture may have still been in the Bronze Age while another culture had already progressed(과거 완료) to the Iron Age. Furthermore, some civilizations never adopted these technologies, or they skipped steps. The peoples of the Sahara, for example, went directly from using stone tools to iron tools, skipping the Bronze Age entirely. Another example would be the Maya civilization in Central America, which never progressed beyond stone tools.

1.according to~ +근거(뜻이 명료하고 오해의 소지가 없음)

-According to what she says her family defected from the North.

depending on~ +가변적인 상황

-Depending on the weather, our games can be held or not.

2. register = enroll    principal = chief

sophistication = exquisiteness, elaborateness

어휘 |  establish (사실을) 규명하다    artifact 유물    principal 중요한, 주요한    archaeologist 고고학자    accurate 정확한    guesswork 추측    bronze 청동    iron 철    sophistication 정교함    date (유물에) 연대를 매기다    adopt 받아들이다, 입양하다    directly 바로, 곧장