05

The custom of paying a bride price before marriage is still a well-established part of many African cultures. In(~ 할 때) paying a bride price, the family of the groom must provide payment to the family of the bride before the marriage is allowed. The bride price can vary greatly from culture to culture in Africa. In the Zulu and Swazi tribes of southern Africa, the bride price often takes the form of cattle. The actual payment of money sometimes takes place, but payment in goods is more frequent. The amount   paid in a bride price can also vary. In modern times, the bride price is usually quite small, and its value is mainly symbolic. However, the bride price can still be quite high, especially among prominent or highly traditional families.

There are a number of justifications used to explain the payment of a bride price. The first is that the bride price represents an acknowledgement of the expense the bride’s(    )family has gone to in order to raise her and bring her up as a suitable (= proper) bride for the groom. It also represents payment for the loss of a family member, since the bride will officially become a member of her husband’s family and will leave her own. On a deeper level, the bride price represents payment for the fact that the bride will bring children into the family of the groom, thereby(그렇게 함으로써) increasing the wealth of the family. This concept is reinforced(뒷받침 받는다) by the fact that the bride price must often be returned if the bride fails to bear children. (=> They place great importance on childbirth.)

provide A with B =  provide B to(for) A (A에게 B를 제공하다)

3. 사람 +be used to + 명사 (~에 익숙하다)

사물 +be used to + 동사원형 (~에 쓰이다)

4. prominent = distinguished, notable, conspicuous, pronounced, noticeable,                     outstanding

bring up = rear, educate, raise

reinforce = strengthen

bring up = rear, educate, raise

reinforce = strengthen

어휘 |  custom 풍습, 관습    bride price 신부값    cattle 가축    symbolic 상징적인    prominent 저명한    justification 정당화하는 이유 represent 나타내다    acknowledgement 인정    officially 공식적으로    reinforce 뒷받침하다    bear (아이를) 낳다, 출산하다

06

From the thirteenth to the fifteenth century, the wool trade was the foundation of the British economy. The British held a monopoly on the finest grade of wool that was being produced in Europe at the time. However, relatively little of the wool    the island(?)produced was actually spun into yarn to produce cloth. Rather, the bulk of the raw wool was shipped across the channel to Flanders, where the best weavers produced very high-quality cloth. It is true that wool was produced elsewhere, but it was often of such poor quality and roughness that it could not compete with the quality that came from England.

Because the export of raw wool was extremely lucrative, the trade became the target of the British Crown, who sought to control it and, by extension, profit from it. Customs and taxes were levied(levy 부과하다) on wool exports to mainland Europe. Because the King was so closely tied to the Church of England at this time in history, many of these profits made their way back to the Church. Consequently, the Church also took    a vested interest in the wool trade and the potential(=prospective) profits that could be reaped from it.

Despite the high demand for British wool and the involvement of the Crown and the Church, England remained solely focused on the production and export of raw wool. Refinement of the wool into higher-value cloth was done almost exclusively in Flanders, which imported the raw wool and shipped the cloth back to England at a profit(이익을 남기고). English manufacturers only began to focus on producing high-grade cloth in the eighteenth century with the arrival of the Industrial Revolution and the large-scale mechanization of weaving and production. (=> technological advances allowed for woolen cloth production in England)

such + 명사 + that  = so + 형용사 + that

despite = in spite of + 명사 Vs. Although + S+V

3. 유의어 lucrative = profitable  levy = impose, charge

어휘 |  wool trade 양모 무역    hold a monopoly 독점권을 갖다    relatively 상대적으로    channel 해협    the bulk of 많은, 대부분의 compete 경쟁하다    lucrative 수익성이 좋은    Church of England 영국 국교회    vested interest 기득권    reap 거두다, 수확하다 Industrial Revolution 산업 혁명