05

Direct democracy, sometimes called ______ democracy, is a form of democracy (that/where) the power of decision making ______ directly with the public. It is usually contrasted with a ______________ democracy, where the general public votes for ______________, who then make laws on the public’s ____________. In a direct democracy, the public chooses its leaders, votes on its laws, and is actively involved in the major decisions of society. The power of a direct democracy is based on three_________: the power of initiative, the power of referendum, and the power of recall.  The power of initiative is the power to raise ________ that should be voted on.   In a direct democracy, any citizen can, in theory, suggest a new law or policy.  In practice, __________ are usually raised through ___________. If a citizen can get a certain number of ______________ for his or her idea, that person can _________ the society to vote on the idea. The power of referendum is simply the power to __________ or _________ initiatives through a direct vote. In this way, citizens in a direct  democracy are actively involved in creating their own laws.  Initiatives and referendums together dramatically (reduce / increase) the direct costs, time, and effort (spent / spending) on government decisions. The final _______ of a direct democracy is the power of recall. Under the power of recall, the public has the right to ___________ government officials (which / whom) it is unhappy with. This means that the leaders of the nation are directly accountable (for / to) the public, since they can basically be removed from office at any time. ______________ of direct democracy believe these aspects have positive net(의 뜻은?) social benefits and limit the influence of numerically small but politically powerful pressure groups.

06

White’s law, named ______ the famous anthropologist Leslie White, is a theory which attempts to explain how the availability of energy affects the speed of advancement in a civilization.      White’s law basically states that civilization evolves ____ the amount of  energy harnessed per person is increased, or _____ the  efficiency of energy usage is increased. The basic assumption of White’s law is that out of the three major aspects of civilization — technological, sociological, and ideological — the technological aspect plays the greatest role in _________ the evolution of a  civilization. White thought that the (intent =           ) of all technology is to help people overcome the challenges of survival. Farming technology provides us (to /with) greater amounts of food, and housing technology provides us (to /with) shelter. Since all technology requires some form of energy to _________, greater amounts of energy should allow us to use greater amounts of technology, which in turn should allow society to_________. The same would be _______ of more efficient energy usage. If technology is created to use less energy, that should have the same basic effect as increasing the total (amount /amounts)of energy ____________.

White ________________ five different __________ in the evolution of civilization, according to the different forms of energy used to _________ technology. In the first stage, energy is provided by our own _________ and humans must do all of their own work. In the second stage of development, humans begin to use __________ to power their technology, as a farmer does when he uses a horse to pull his plow. The third stage occurs when humans begin to use __________ as a source of power. This stage can be ____________ by a huge increase in the efficiency of farming. In the fourth stage, humans begin to rely on _______ ____________ such as coal and oil as their primary sources of energy. In the final stage, _________ power is utilized to provide energy.

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION

Much of the world’s weather is ___________ by two atmospheric cells: the Hadley cell and the Polar cell. Cells are atmospheric cycles that are driven by ___________ energy.  Q04  As the sun heats the air near the surface of the earth, the air begins to _______. At a certain point, however, this air encounters a __________ and cannot _______ any further. As new air is heated and begins to _________, the warm air near this _________ is pushed ______________, since it cannot move _____________ anymore. As it moves, it begins to lose its heat, until it once again begins to sink towards the earth, pushing the cooler air below it sideways and forming a ________ movement of air, which is called a cell.

The Hadley cell begins about 5 degrees north or south of the equator, where the sun’s heating effect is the _____________. The high temperatures near the equator allow the air to pick up tremendous amounts of _________ from the oceans before it begins to rise. The energy contained in the warm, moist air causes violent thunderstorms, which ___________ that energy high into the  atmosphere. As the warm, moist air begins its horizontal  movement, it begins to lose energy in the form of ___________. By the time it reaches a latitude of about 30 degrees north or south, it has lost enough heat energy to once again _________ towards the earth. In the last part of the cycle, the air flows __________ towards the equator to begin the cycle again. An important effect of this is that the Hadley cell creates the strong  _______ winds  that early sailors used to ____ the seas.

The Polar cell begins at much higher latitudes, where the air is considerably cooler and _____.  Although these atmospheric conditions are somewhat different, the mechanics that drive the Polar cell are the same as those for the Hadley cell. At about 60 degrees north or south, the air still has enough heat to drive a cell cycle. As the air rises, it encounters a similar ______ and begins to move __________ instead of vertically. _____ ____ _____  it  reaches the North or South Pole, it has lost nearly all of its heat and sinks back down to the earth. The major difference is that the air was never warm enough to pick up much ___________, so this part of the cycle involves much (less /more) water loss than it does in the Hadley cell. The major effect of the Polar cell on weather is that it creates a _______ stream, the strong eastern wind pattern that controls much of the weather at northern and southern latitudes.